Hello Everyone:
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| Statue of President Theodore Roosevelt (removed) American Natural History Museum, New York City, New York |
Should museums be abolished? This is one of the many questions now being discussed in the wake of Black Lives Matter protest. This question has Blogger wondering if Can problematic exhibits be re-contextualized? If museums are abolished, what do you do with work on display? Before we consider these question, let us take a very brief look at the origins of museums.
The word museum comes from the ancient Greek word mouseion meaning the "seat of Muses" whose purpose was to be a place for contemplation. (historyofmuseums.com; date accessed June 29, 2020). The modern word comes from the Latin museum, "which was used to describes something similar to modern museum was in the 15th century for collection of Lorenzo de Medici in Florence" (Ibid). Until the 17th century, museum was the name given to a collection of curiosities--"cabinet of curiosities" or "wonder rooms" (Ibid)--such as the Ole Worm's collection in Copenhagen (Ibid).
Over time, other versions of museums began to appear in order to accommodate a variety of artifacts. In general, all museums start from the same places: "a collection of curiosities" (Ibid). Over time they shift focus different ideas, cultures, and goals. The earliest museums were private collections, available to a select group of people. The oldest known museum was Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum, curated by Princess Ennigaldi dating to 530 BCE. It was located in Ur (in present day Iraq) and contained Mesopotamian artifacts. Public museums first opened during the Renaissance but the important museums opened in the 18th century. The oldest public art collection is housed in the Capitoline Museum, established in 1471 with a donation of sculptures from Pope Sixtus IV (Ibid).
A trip to the museum can be a fun and educational way to spend some or all of your of day. What happen if they were abolished?
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| Protest calling for the removal of the Theodore Roosevelt statue American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York cnn.com |
Why should we abolish museums and why now? The now part is we are in a moment where our institutions are under intense scrunity and events on the ground are shifting very fast. Early in June, a group of current and former museum professionals from the multiple cultural institutions including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, and other institutions around the United States published an open letter accusing the museums of unfair treatment of employees of color. They wrote,
...We write to you to express our outrage and discontent of consistent exploitation and unfair treatment of Black/Brown people at these cultural institution.
We write to you to inform you that will no longer tolerate your blatant disrespect and egregious acts of white violence toward Black/Brown employees that reflect the oppressive tactics to keep Black/Brown employees maintained and subordinated (fortheculture2020.com; date accessed June 29, 2020)
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| Richard Armstrong, director of the Guggenheim Foundation and Museum guggenheim.org |
As a society, we are confronting sustained injustices never resolved, and feel today the pain and anger of previous moments. The Guggenheim addresses the shared need of great reform, and long overdue equality, and want to reaffirm that we are dedicate to doing our part.
In this period of self-reflection and reckoning, we will engage in dialogue with our staff and review all processes and procedures to lead to positive change,... We are expediting our going...efforts to produce an action plan for demonstrable progress (cnn.com; June 26, 2020; date accessed June 29, 2020)
Other museums, like the J. Paul Getty Trust and Museum in Los Angeles, have been criticized in recent days for issuing bland platitudes that failed to mention George Floyd and Black Lives Matter; while promising "to do better."
Although many American museums have moved towards creating diversity, equity, and inclusion (Ibid), Decolonize This Place organizer Marz Saffore wants greater change. Ms. Saffore told CNN,
It's not enough to hire an indigenous curator. It's not enough to have on Black person on your board. Museum as we know them have to be abolished. I don't want my voice to be added to museum that often trophy cases for Imperialism (Ibid).
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| Benin Sculptures (in process of being returned to Nigeria) British Museum; London, England, UK qz.com |
Many of the museum's galleries contain indigenous remains and objects,... Those things need to be sent back to the people they were taken from, and the exhibitions overhauled in consultation with, and with the active participation of, the relevant stakeholders (Ibid)
Others have posed the question "whether these monuments could, rather than being destroyed or removed, be altered by, for example, adding contextualizing information" (Ibid). In an interview with National Public Radio last Tuesday, historian Manisha Sinha posited that the statue, commissioned to pay tribute to the late president's nature conservation efforts, could remain in place but with the subjugated African American and Indigenous figures removed. DTP was quick to point out that the land President Roosevelt "conserved" was stolen from Indigenous people, removing the figures was hardly an acceptable solution (Ibid)
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| Confederate monument being removed npr.org |
This brings us to the ongoing issue of Confederate monuments. In the wake of the Charlottesville protests that resulted in the tragic death of activist Heather Heyer, cities around the Southern United States began removing monuments to Confederate soldiers. The monuments were erected in the early 20th-century as part of the romanticism of the soldiers who took up arms against the country to protect a way of life predicated on the kidnapping and enslavement of African men, women, and children. In a statement, then-New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu said,
...The historic record is clear, the Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis and P.G.T. Beauregard statues were not erected just to honor these men, but as part of the movement which became known as the The Cult of the Lost Cause.
This "cult" had one goal--through monument and through other means--to rewrite history to hide the truth, which is that the Confederacy was on the wrong side of humanity...
It is self-evident that these men did not fight for the United States of America. They fought against it. They may have been warriors, but in this cause they were not patriots (time.com; May 23, 2017; date accessed June 29, 2020)
Some have suggested leaving them in place but including a didactic that reflects current scholarship on the American Civil War. However Michael Diaz-Griffith, the executive director of the New York-based Sir John Soane's Museum Foundation, which support the Soane Museum in London, presented a different solution.
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| Michael Diaz-Griffith antiquesandhearts.com |
In the case of the Confederates there's no public legacy to detach from their wrongdoing,... The Confederacy was an immoral enterprise. (Ibid)
Michael Diaz-Griffiths imagines a future that will eventually be free of problematic tributes. He speculates,
I think that all named buildings, all named places, will end up being reevaluated,...Who should they be name after? Do we continue to focus on those who were recognized in their own times, or do we shift our attention to those who fought for justice but weren't publicly honored when they were alive? Since all people are fallible, it may be a good idea to erect monuments to principles, like justice, rather than to individuals (Ibid).
The monuments dedicated to principles, suggested by Michael Diaz-Griffiths, are a nice idea, albeit romantic, idea and maybe it can happen one day but they too are problematic. Mr. Diaz-Griffith fails to recognize that past depictions of noble principles such as justice have used indigenous figures whose features have been altered to look more European.
